When HL7 was created in the late 1980's the computer world was a very different place. The global Internet was in it's infancy, web pages had not yet been created, and email stayed within the organizations network. Every organization had it's own proprietary network protocols. For this reason the HL7 committees did not want to dictate what kind of network to use, but instead allow each organization implement their network/transport layer as they needed.
Fast forward to 2010 and you now find that all networks support the standard Internet protocol, TCP/IP. In the 1990's, HL7 did develop the Minimum Lower Level Protocol (MLLP). Although MLLP is not an official HL7 standard it has become so widely used that it is commonly referred to as a TCP/IP connection. While the MLLP is a great protocol, it does not support encryption, so it is not good for use on the global Internet.
Which is why today, many Immunization Registries will accept HL7 messages but use a variety of transport protocols to accept them.
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